The Generation Of The Millennial Generation - 939 Words

The Millennial Generation, also known as Generation Y, applies to the individuals born between 1982 and 2004. They reached adulthood around the turn of the 21st century, and with a population of about 80 million people. This age group is characterized by values, unique experiences and expectations. This is a very protected and desired generation. The Millennials are presented as a culturally diverse generation optimistic, self confident, sociable and achievement-oriented. They represent approximately 25% of the workforce in the United States. Millennials are supposed to be the years that people are discovering who they are. Eighteen to thirty year olds shouldn’t be stressing out about marriage or even thinking about getting married.†¦show more content†¦With any kind of debt, it sets them back from becoming freewheeling. Because of the debt most of them end up moving back or staying with their parents. According to Catey Hill, the number one thing Millennials have put off, thanks to student loan, is buying a home(Hill). Money is a very important part in pursuing traditional milestones. Without money, the most important things couldn’t get done like marriage or buying a car. eighteen to thirty year olds want to feel secure financially before anything. Rushing into marriage is something no one should do, let alone someone who is just entering adulthood. Marriage was a requirement for adulthood; but pre-adults aren t ready for that, not in todays world. Matrimony should be met once. Young adults shouldn’t be pressured into monogamy because of their age. Most people in their early or late 20s are still trying to find themselves; or figure out who they are trying to become. It takes time to get to know someone, and during pre-adult age most of the time they have time for it. Although data state that women who marry at 18 are more likely to make marriage work than men at 21. Eighteen to thirty year olds still shouldn’t be rushed. Rushing into marriage sometimes leads to early divorce. For example, if someone straight out of high school or college gets married, its less likely to last. Because they don t have anythingShow MoreRelatedMillennial Generation And The Generation1529 Words   |  7 PagesMillennial Generation Society is changing rapidly, through technology, education, family structure, life expectancy, and religion. One of the major changes, in society, is due to the rise of the Millennial Generation or Generation Y. Millennials have some very distinct characteristics that completely differentiate them from past generations. Now that the generation is growing and becoming young adults, research is becoming more assessable about them. This causes the generation to receive their ownRead MoreThe Generation And The Millennial Generation1781 Words   |  8 Pagesdeceive people by using different techniques, like using words such as â€Å"sale, convenient, latest,† or even by having appealing pictures going along with products. The main target audience that marketers aim to influence is the millennial generation. So much of the millennial generation is influenced through social media and technology. With such an exuberant use and understanding of technology, marketers realized how to t arget the most vulnerable group of consumers. Marketer’s upfront goal is being ableRead MoreThe Generation Of The Millennial Generation1232 Words   |  5 Pagesadvances, deathly diseases, and new cures. Even though majority of this can be seen as a positive, the individuals that contributed to them, Millennials, are often subjected to harsh, daily criticisms. The Millennial Generation consists of the people who are currently running or in the future will run or nation, which older generations are extremely wary about. Millennials are tech-savvy, dream driven, and educated individuals that attribute to society and their own lives, yet are unappreciated due to preconceptionsRead MoreMillennials Are The Generation Of Our Generation Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesMillennials are the generation from about the years 1980-2000 and have relied heavily on technology as it is quickly evolving. People today know Millennials as young adults or teenagers that are starting to begin and p lan for their future plans. If a survey was put out to all none Millennials; most of the responses would be that Millennials rely on technology way too much. The reason the Millennials have a bad look is because people do not take the time to look at the positive side of things suchRead MoreThe Generation Of The Millennials957 Words   |  4 PagesIn the generation of the millennials, the internet has become the main source of news and according to an article by Aaron Smith on the Pew Internet website 43% of registered voters from 18-29 get there political information from social media (Smith, 2014). This fact shows that political information is transitioning from being distributed threw controlled news outlets to being able to be typed up and pushed out around the world by individuals. The effect of social media comes with the advancementRead MoreThe Future Of The Millennial Generation1549 Words   |  7 Pagesdidn’t mention was how hard it is to actually save that money i n this time period where money is just some set of digits on a screen. The millennial generation is in more of a financial crunch now than any other generation has ever been in and it’s looking like its getting worse. You can call them narcissistic, materialistic, and entitled, but millennials are set on the hunt on achieving financial goals. They are trying to keep up with their friends with the latest technology that booms somethingRead MoreMillennial Generation Analysis835 Words   |  4 Pagestoday’s generation of young-adults the most, lazy. This is how journalist, Joel Stein, explains the millennial generation as, in his article, The ME ME ME Generation. For Stein to categorize 75.5 million people into a sub-category which he describes as being narcissistic and fame-obsessed obscures the contribution and positive influence that has emerged from this progressive group these past three decades. While trying to point out all the negative traits associated with the millennial generation, includingRead MoreThe Importance Of The Millennial Generation912 Words   |  4 PagesA generation with missing pieces. It is said that the Millennials have a certain feeling of entitled now a days. This all has to do with the bubble we have created for our millennials that once they have to go out too reality they lose themselves. We have let them believe that just because they want something they can h ave it, but we have not shown them the skills of how to work for it. Our millennial generation does not have the same principles and ethics that were instilled on previous generationsRead MoreThe Impact Of The Millennial Generation710 Words   |  3 PagesTechnology and medicine change on the daily and continue to improve throughout generations. There are new ideas that come with each upcoming generation, specifically the millennial generation, but one concept in particular has people of all ages concerned and questioning what are the moral standards of people today. Ethics many vary from person to person, depending on their view of the world. The rising generation has changed many standards of the world with the decisions they are making. We makeRead MoreThe Millennial Generation and the Families1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of the Joblessness have on The Millennial Generation and the Families Catherine Simmons Composition 1010, Class TTH 10:50 Professor Vicki Vitelli October 12, 2010 Don Peck paints a depressing picture of the future of America in his article â€Å"How a New Jobless Era Will Transform America†. Unemployment is a disease that has plagued our country for decades, but this country has always survived and recovered. America will survive this high unemployment. Although the high

Design of Carburetors for Aircraft Application Free Essays

Introduction A carburetor is a constituent or device which largely used on reciprocating or Piston engine. They are an of import device which mixed or blends fuel and air for an internal burning of the engine. Internal burning engine refers to an engine in which burning is intermittent such as the more familiar four and two stroke Piston engines along with the discrepancies such as six stroke Piston engine. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of Carburetors for Aircraft Application or any similar topic only for you Order Now Carburetors are classified as updraft or downdraft depending on the way of the air flow through the device. Most carburetors are the updraft type. All carburetors meter fuel and atomise it into the air to do a combustible mixture. In theory, the fuel/air mixture making each cylinder is indistinguishable in volume and ingestion. In world, both the volume and composing vary because the different distances travelled through the initiation manifold and force per unit areas exerted by the fumes system. Aircraft APPLICATIONS New category of jobs for both engine and carburetor interior decorators created during the first aircraft engines, outside of those surface-bound vehicles. The chief complications were the deficiencies of apprehension of the temperature, force per unit area, air denseness, humidness, in add-on the velocity that these influence alterations while in flight. During 1918, the Bureau of Standards for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics accomplished a series of engine public presentation trials. The intent was to find the fluctuation in atmospheric force per unit area and temperature at assorted highs above the earth’s surface, with the alterations in public presentation ensuing from the variables within the carburetor itself and particular orientation to the variables impacting the operation of the carburetor. The study, published as Technical Report No. 48 in the NACA Fourth Annual Report, titled Carburetting Conditions Characteristics of Aircraft Engines, by Percival S. Tice. This work resulted in the undermentioned illations: The mixture ratio ( air/fuel ratio ) should be changeless at all heights for maximal power at all degrees. A alteration in fuel viscousness due to temperature alteration may be an of import metering feature of the carburetor. Constantly, there is wasted fuel when the carburetor does non rectify for barometric alterations. Heating of the fuel–air mixture causes a power loss accompanied by an addition in the specific fuel ingestion, with the available fuels. A 2nd probe made by the Bureau of Standards between October 1919, and May 1923, reported in the tenth NACA Annual Report of 1924 as Technical Report No. 189, Relation of Fuel–air Ratio on Engine Performance, by Stanwood W. Sparrow, replies to the undermentioned inquiries: What fuel–air ratio gives maximal power? Does a alteration in air force per unit area or temperature, such as those encountered in flight, impact the value of this ratio appreciably? What per centum of its maximal power does an engine develop when supplied with a mixture giving minimal specific fuel ingestion? The study concluded that: With gasolene as the fuel, fuel–air mixtures from 0.07 to 0.08 lbs fuel per pound. of air consequences in maximal power. Maximal power is obtained when about the same ratio is obtained over the scope of air force per unit areas and temperatures encountered in flight. Decreasing the fuel content of the charge until the power is 95 % of its maximal value provides the best specific fuel ingestion. Principle The carburetor works on Bernoulli ‘s rule which is the faster the air moves, the inactive force per unit area will be lower while the dynamic force per unit area will be higher. The accelerator or gas pedal linkage does non command the flow of liquid fuel straight. As an option, they really actuates the carburetor mechanisms which will meter the flow of the air as they were being pulled into the engine. Once carburetors are used on aircraft with reciprocating engines, characteristics and particular designs are required to forestall from fuel famishment during an upside-down flight. Most manufactured carburetted as opposed to fuel-injected engines have a similar consumption manifold that transports and divides the fuel and air mixture to the consumption valves and a individual carburetor. Older engines used updraft carburetors, where the air enters from below the carburetor and exits through the top of the carburetor. This gives rather a good advantage of ne’er â€Å" deluging † the engine, as any fuel droplets would fall out of the carburetors alternatively of into the consumption manifold ; it besides lent itself to utilize of an oil bath air cleansing agent, where a pool of oil below a mesh component below the carburetor is sucked up into the mesh and the air is drawn through the oil-covered mesh ; this was an effectual system in a clip when paper air filters did non be. Get downing in the late 1930s, downdraft carburetors were the most popular type for automotive usage in the United States. In Europe, the side bill of exchange carburetors replaced downdraft as free infinite in the engine bay decreased and the usage of the SU-type carburetor ( and similar units from other makers ) increased. Some little propeller-driven aircraft engines still use the updraft carburetor design. Outboard motor carburetors are typically side bill of exchange, because they must be stacked one on top of the other in order to feed the cylinders in a vertically oriented cylinder block. The chief disadvantage of establishing a carburettor’s operation on Bernoulli ‘s Principle is that, being a fluid dynamic device, the force per unit area decrease in a Venturi tends to be relative to the square of the consumption air velocity. The fuel jets are much smaller and limited chiefly by viscousness, so that the fuel flow tends to be relative to the force per unit area difference. So jets sized for full power tend to hunger the engine at lower velocity and portion accelerator. Most normally this has been corrected by utilizing multiple jets. In SU and other movable jet carburetors, it was corrected by changing the jet size. For cold starting, a different rule was used in multi-jet carburetors. A flow resisting valve called a choking coil, similar to the accelerator valve, was placed upstream of the chief jet to cut down the consumption force per unit area and suck extra fuel out of the jets. Carburetor Carburetors are classified as updraft or downdraft depending on the way air flows through the device. Most carburetors are the updraft type. All carburetors meter fuel and atomise it into the air to do a combustible mixture. In theory, the fuel/air mixture making each cylinder is indistinguishable in volume and composing. In world, both the volume and composing vary because of the different distances travelled through the initiation manifold and force per unit areas exerted by the fumes system. Principles OF CARBURETTORS VENTURI img alt="C:UsershelmyDesktopassignment" ghani="" next="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0968154.001.jpg" submit="" venturi.jpg="" week=""img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0968154.002.png"All carburetors depend on the differential force per unit area created by a Venturi to meter the proper sum of fuel for a volume of air. When air flows through a Venturi, its velocity additions while both force per unit area and temperature lessening. To command the volume of air that passes through a Venturi, all carburetors are equipped with a throttle valve. The throttle valve ( or butterfly valve ) is a pilot-controllable restrictor home base installed between the Venturi and the engine. When the accelerator valve is to the full opened ( parallel to the air flow ) , the maximal volume of air and fuel enter the engine. In this instance, the lone constituent that limits the volume of air come ining the engine is the Venturi. However, as the accelerator valve is moved to its closed place ( perpendicular to the air flow ) less air is admitted and engine power is reduced. The size and form of the Venturi is designed for the demands of the engine. Carburetors on similar engines might look to be indistinguishable, but the size of the Venturi could be different. Always guarantee that you are put ining the right device on an engine. Figure 1 shows when the accelerator valve is parallel to the air flow, the maximal volume of air and fuel enters the engine. When the accelerator valve is near perpendicular to the air flow, less air and fuel enter the engine. THE SYSTEMS OF CARBURETTOR To supply an engine with the necessary fuel for proper operation under assorted engine tonss, velocities, and air densenesss, most carburetors include the undermentioned five systems: Main metering Idling Mixture control Accelerating Power enrichment or economiser The building and rule of operation of each of these systems varies depending on the type of carburetor. The undermentioned subjects describe each system in relation to its usage in float-type and pressure-injection carburetors. The size and form of the Venturi is designed for the demands of the engine. Carburetors on similar engines might look to be indistinguishable, but the size of the Venturi could be different. Always guarantee that you are put ining the right device on an engine. THE FLOAT-TYPE CARBURETORS The float-type carburetor is named after the constituent used to modulate the fuel that enters the carburetor. Fuel is stored in a float chamber, the sum controlled by a float-operated needle valve installed in the fuel recess. As fuel enters the chamber, the float rises and the needle valve begins to shut. After the fuel reaches an established degree, the place of the float wholly closes the needle valve and the flow of fuel Michigans. img alt="_Pic4" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0968154.003.jpg"The carburetor float is typically constructed of brass or a composite stuff. Brass floats are hollow, and the air sealed indoors provides perkiness. A composite float can be hollow or solid. When the float solid, air trapped in the pores of the composite stuff provides perkiness. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0968154.004.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0968154.005.png"As the volume of fuel alterations in a float chamber, the volume of air besides changes. A blowhole maintains ambient force per unit area in the float chamber as the fuel degree rises and falls. All float Chamberss are vented to ambient force per unit area. In figure 2, the float carburetors store a measure of fuel in a float chamber. The sum of fuel in the float chamber is controlled by a float-actuated needle valve. img alt="C:UsershelmyDesktopassignment" and="" as="" below="" bowl="" by="" discharge="" fuel="" ghani="" h..jpg="" identified="" in="" is="" jet="" level="" main="" metering="" next="" note="" nozzle="" nozzle.="" opening="" slightly="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0968154.006.jpg" submit="" that="" the="" week=""/ Figure 3 The figure 3 above visualize of the Float Level, Main Metering Jet and Discharge Nozzle. Please be reminded that the fuel degree in the fuel bowl is somewhat below the fuel discharge nozzle gap and is identified by the missive ‘h’ . THE BASIC AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEM The fuel circuit includes the parts and shrieking necessary to present fuel to the carburetor fuel recess, at the proper force per unit area and volume. The fuel admitted through the float-type carburetor recess valve is reduced to atmospheric force per unit area as the fuel bowl blowhole to the air recess canal. img aircraft="" alt="C:UsershelmyDesktopassignment" fuel="" ghani="" next="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0968154.007.jpg" submit="" system.jpg="" week=""/ Figure 4 As the fuel bowl fills, the float rises with the fuel degree until the fuel degree in the fuel bowl is somewhat below the degree of the discharge nose and one time at the right degree, the float is high plenty to shut the recess valve, halting fuel flow into the carburetor at a precise tallness. This prevents fuel leaks into the consumption manifold when the engine is non running. Fuel can non come in the consumption system unless consumption manifold suction is sufficiently strong plenty to raise the fuel up to the tallness of the discharge nozzle gaps. On its manner to the discharge nose, extra jets control the rate of fuel flow and force per unit area, as necessary. The bead in fuel force per unit area through the recess valve classifies the valve as a jet. MAIN METERING OF FLOAT TYPE CARBURETTOR The chief metering system supplies the engine with the right sum of fuel for all velocities above idle. The system consists of one or more venturi tubings, the chief metering jet and discharge noses, and the throttle valve. Fuel metering begins at the Venturi. In some carburetors, a individual Venturi is deficient to make an equal force per unit area bead to meter fuel. In this instance, a encouragement Venturi is installed frontward of the primary Venturi. The discharge nozzle delivers fuel from the float chamber to the consumption air. For an engine at remainder, the fuel in the discharge nose is even with the degree in the float chamber. In most instances, the fuel degree is about 1/8 inch below the gap of the discharge nose. This distance is referred to as the fuel metering caput and is designed to forestall fuel from leaking from the carburetor when the engine is non runing. 1 How to cite Design of Carburetors for Aircraft Application, Essay examples

The Extent of Fidel Castros Achievement of His Aims Between 1959 and 1979 free essay sample

To what extent was Fidel Castro able to achieve his aims between 1959 and 1979, and what prevented him from achieving more? During Fulgencio Batista’s reign in Cuba, Fidel Castro had insistently professed his dissatisfaction with the government, and when he finally took over in 1959, he effected a government that formed the basis from which the criticism of many historians today derives. To a minimal extent, Fidel Castro was able to achieve his aims between 1959 and 1979. Revealed in the 26th of July Movement’s doctrine, Castro’s goals called for Cuba to become fully independent and purely democratic while having a just society. Castro’s goals were hindered not only by the dependence on the U. S. , but also on the Soviet Union after relations with the U. S. intensified. By the end of his reign, Castro had not upheld his initial revolutionary ideology; therefore, he did not achieve his aims for Cuba to the greater extent. In one of his aims, Castro hoped to see Cuba become independent. In order to become less dependent on foreign countries, Castro implemented an economic reform that would allow Cuba to become less dependent on the foreign countries. He wanted to create a more centralized economy by confiscating businesses, many of which were American-owned. The U. S. saw this attempt of nationalization as a direct challenge to their interests, thus they removed the sugar quota placed an embargo on Cuba, threatening to destroy the base of the Cuban economy. Cuba had now become independent from U. S. trade, but with no means self-sufficiency, Cuba turned to another group–the socialist/communist nations in the eastern hemisphere. Cuba had increased their sugar production tremendously because of Castro’s speech, â€Å"The Year of Decisive Endeavor,† in 1963 which set a production goal of 10 million tons of sugar by 1970 so that Cuba could industrialize and become more self-reliant. USSR began buying this Cuban sugar in return for industrial equipment and machinery which allowed Castro to develop their countries as allies. Germany also agreed to sell the industrial necessities needed by Cuba. During these early 1960 years, Cuba quickly lost nearly all economic dependence on the U. S. , but any progress toward self-sufficiency was undermined by the developing relationship with the Soviet Union. Unlike the U. S. , the Soviet Union was not hostile to the idea of an independent Cuba and was willing to defend Cuban interest. In reality, Castro might have professed his devotion to socialism in his Marxist-Leninist speech only for the benefit of siding with the world’s socialist superpowers for military and economic support. Castro’s favoring paid off because the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962; however, this caused U. S. -Soviet tensions to peak when the U. S. made the threat of invading Cuba. Castro also attempted to establish Cuba’s independence by making the change to a Communist state, which began distinguished officially in 1965. Although the changes were small in the early 1960s, it was not until 1976 that Cuba created a new constitution. Another aspect proving Cuban independence was the buildup of a strong military force from foreign intervention and internal opposition. Castro suspected the U. S. of military action because of their discontent with his socialist policies. Nearing the end of the first decade of his reign, Castro revealed that Cuba did not meet the 10 million ton harvest, but welcomed the shame and criticism that the failure would bring about. Throughout the years of Castro’s reign, he strived to assert Cuba as an independent nation, as demonstrated with the victory in the Bay of Pigs Invasion; however, he never fully accomplished this aim, continuing to depend on their monoculture and export-oriented economy. Castros objective for Cuba was to uphold an uncorrupted, democratic nation. However many of his actions prove his ideology wrong. Within the early months after he overthrew Batista, Castro made a decision with other revolutionaries to pass the Fundamental Law of the Republic in February of 1959. By passing this legislature he gave himself more legislative power as executive of the country, adding to his power to veto due to his rank as Executive of Army. Jose Cardona was replaced from his job as Head of Legislature which allowed Castro to basically become a dictator–the opposite of a democracy. The people of Cuba lost their freedoms that citizens should have in a democracy. The government began redistributing income from the urban to the rural working class. Although it created successes such as a raise in wages, a raise in purchasing power, and a decrease in unemployment, incomes were still not all equal. Land became another freedom of the people that the government decided to take away and redistribute. Large plantation estates called Latifundios were outlawed and limited to 995 acres with the Agrarian Reform Law. The INRA enforced the ARL which hurt large American owned companies like Coca Cola and Hershey’s, contributing more animosity from the U. S. Along with the Second Law of Agrarian Reform in 1963, both reforms created an agricultural system that did not produce the same amount of crop as they did pre-1959 until the late 1960s. After forming the Constitution in 1976, Castro made a government that was not very efficient and could silence any complaint with the â€Å"red tape† effect. By reorganizing the government into the military, executive committee, and communist party, the constitution made the Cuban bureaucracies contributing to a more authoritarian-like government. More and more, Castro nationalized Cuba in every aspect and Castro, having achieved an economic stability, made a Communistic dictatorship; therefore, he did not achieve his goal for a democracy in Cuba since his own regime was corrupt. Another goal that Castro had for Cuba from 1959 to 1979 was to create a just society. One way Castro made this society was by targeting the needs of the people and providing them with an education and healthcare system. One of the biggest issues during Castro’s reign was the country’s lack of educated revolutionaries because most of the trained workers and professionals emigrated from the island. In his 1961 speech Castro proclaimed that this year would be the â€Å"Year of Education. † To some extent he did achieve this aspect of providing immediate literacy which rose from 76% to 94% in 1979. Other improvements occurred up through this first decade of Castro’s reign such as recruiting 100,000 students, the tripling of teachers, and quadrupling of schools. However, Castro did create a curriculum that would not only provide an education limited to only basic reading and writing but also indoctrinate students with the loyalty and morals of Communism. Vilma Espin, the head of The Cuban Women’s Federation, advocated for literacy rates in the female population while also pushing for education and healthcare as well. Through Espin’s work, Castro realized that it was larger issue, thus he passed the Family Code. This law mandated equality in marriage and legitimized divorce. This law was never really enforced but women were generally happy with the gain. Gender and racial equality was an issue with which no other country in Latin America had dealt. Castro also stressed the need for a healthcare system in Cuban society in order to create a just society. His system would implement a method that trained doctors in universities around the country. Because of forming of education and healthcare systems, Castro’s aim for social justice in Cuba was achieved to some extent. Castro was not able to uphold his ideology because limited reasons. The chief reason that may have hindered him from achieving more is the on-going tensions with the U. S. and the economic consequences from this. If the U. S. did not have the discontent toward Cuba’s regime, Cuba would have developed the revolutionized economy that they sought. If Castro had developed relations with the U. S. and given up the socialist policies, Cuba would have avoided severe U. S. tensions and the embargo altogether. The U. S. embargo on Cuba was a major influence that hindered economic prosperity and diversified agriculture. Castro focused on manipulate Cuba from his revolutionary political aims in the 26th of July Movement. Initially, he attempts to create Cuba in the ideology of a system of social justice within the broadest concept of democracy, of freedom and of human rights. Throughout his reign Castro enacted laws and promoted policies in order to create this fully independent and democratic Cuba with a just society. To the least extent, Castro fulfilled this vision during the first two decades of the revolution, and on-going tensions with the U. S. prevented Castro from extending his revolutionary aim.

Scarlet Fever Essays (461 words) - Medicine, Clinical Medicine

Scarlet Fever # ## Scarlet Fever Strep throat and scarlet fever are different forms of a bacterial disease caused by infection with group A (beta-hemolytic) streptococcus. When the bacteria infect the throat, the illness is called strep throat. Streptococci can also produce a toxin, which results in a distinctive skin rash. When this occurs, the illness is now called scarlet fever. Scarlet fever was once very common among young children ages 2 to 10, but now it is relatively rare. The reason for this remains unknown, especially since there has been no decrease in the number of cases of strep throat or strep skin infections. Scarlet fever is caused be a toxin that certain strains of streptococcal bacteria release when they infect the upper respiratory tract. It passes from person to person the same way strep throat does-through close contact between an infected and a non-infected person. When a child with the infection coughs or sneezes, bacteria- laden drops is released. Children playing face to face, playing together and sharing toys and eating utensils can easily pass the infection back and forth. The first symptoms of scarlet fever include a high fever, headache, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. These may develop suddenly. Occasionally, abdominal pain and vomiting develop one or two days before the rash appears. The rash consists of tiny, red bumps. It begins on the trunk and spreads outward. It can cover the entire body in a matter of hours or days, giving the skin a rough sandpaper-like texture. The rash normally doesnt spread over mouth area although the lips as well as the palms and soles turn bright red. In the beginning of the illness the tongue turns white with small flecks of red on it, however as the disease progresses the tongue becomes very swollen and turns red. Another symptom of scarlet fever are deep red streaks that appear in the armpits, elbow crooks, groin and behind the knees. Scarlet fever can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor. If left untreated (not taking all prescribed medications), the infection may lead to rheumatic fever or kidney disease. To help prevent yourself from being infected with scarlet fever avoid close contact with infected people until they have completed at least two days of a ten day course of antibiotic therapy. Do not drink raw unpasteurized milk or eat products made from raw milk. Exclude people with the illness from food handling. In most cases, all signs of the scarlet fever rash are gone within two weeks, and there is no long-term scarring. Proper nutrition boosts the body's immune system and helps it fight the infection. Drink lots of fluids to help flush out toxins and prevent dehydration. And remember, get lots of rest! Science Essays

Hrothgars offer essays

Hrothgars offer essays After Beowulf had saved my people from the treacherous monster, Grendel, I really felt that I owed him a lot more than I had offered him. Although I gave him a crown and many other gifts to reconcile for the things he did for Herot, I felt like I owed him the world. I realized one night that I really wanted to offer Beowulf a position in my court. After long thought I realized that no one would be a better vice-king, than Beowulf. So, when I woke up the next morning, I called Beowulf into the Hall where I sat to eat breakfast. I told him of my need to give him more than he had received in consolation and I offered to him the newly founded position of vice-king. Beowulf was honored by my proposal and thanked me profusely for the offer, however he would not accept my invitation. His words were My heart is in fighting off monsters and saving people such as I did yours. If I take on the responsibility of vice-king, I am afraid I wont be able to fight off the monsters of the world, and t hat is what I am good at, and what I love to do. Although I was a little sadden by the refusal, I knew all along that Beowulf doesnt belong behind the throne, but in the battles. Even though Beowulf did not except my offer, we are still very close friends and he promises to visit Herot often. ...

After anne frank Essay Example For Students

After anne frank Essay After anne frank Essays diary, It continues onward to grim results. During their hiding in the secret annexe, a Dutch informer hinted to the Gestapo (German Police) that the frank family was in hiding. On August 4, 1944, the Frank family was discovered and sent Gestapo Headquarters in Amsterdam. The Franks, Van Daans and Mr. Dussel were sent to Westorbork in Holland. On September 3, the Allies captured Brussels and the Franks Along with the Van Daans were the last ones to be sent on a freight train with seventy-five people per car. Each car was sealed tight with only one window. For three days and nights the train ventured across Germany to reach its final destination, Auschwitz in Poland. There the Franks and the Van Daans were then sent to concentration camps. There the conditions were horrible. Healthier prisoners shaved their heads and worked twelve hours a day digging sod controlled by the merciless Kapos, Criminals who served the SS as labor overseers. In October 1944, Anne, Margot and Mrs. Van Daan were among a group were sent to Belsen in Germany. Mrs. Frank died in the infirmary back at Auschwitz. Otto Frank survived to be liberated by the Russians. Margot died February or March of 1945. Anne died soon after. This tells you the reason why the Franks went into hiding that long while and why hiding from everybody, your friends, your family was the sacrifice you had to take to stay out of these death camps. .

CRJS499IP2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRJS499IP2 - Research Paper Example The spirit of the act is founded on the notion of providing all that is required by law enforcement, within the limits of the constitution, to effectively combat the war on terror (Doyle, 2002). The main purpose of the Patriot Act is to punish and prevent terrorist acts within the United States and in the world. The Act also enhances the investigatory powers of law enforcement and accomplishes other purposes which include strengthening of the country’s measures in the detection, prevention and prosecution of international money laundering and financial terrorism schemes. The act gives law enforcement power to scrutinize foreign institutions, jurisdictions and classes of transactions or accounts that are vulnerable to abuse. It also strengthens measures aimed at preventing the use of the country’s financial systems for personal gain through corruption by foreign officials as well as facilitating the repatriation of stolen assets to the owners of such assets. Additionally, the act requires all financial service providers to report all elements of probable money laundering activities (Jaeger, Bertot, & McClure, 2003). The Patriot Act made several changes to the laws that existed prior to its enactment. Some of the legislations that were affected by the Patriot Act include the Electronic Communication Privacy Act, the Money Laundering Control Act, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, the Immigration and Nationality Act and the Bank secrecy Act. The changes introduced to allow investigators to make use of already existing tools to investigate drug trafficking and organized crime, especially through the use of surveillance and conducting investigations without alerting terrorists (Doyle, 2002). The act facilitates the sharing of information and increase cooperation between government agencies in order to operate effectively in solving cases. The act also updated the existing laws to reflect new threats and technologies as well as

Nintendo Wii Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nintendo Wii - Research Paper Example For sometime now, Nintendo has been a strong market force, having bigger companies like Sony and Microsoft as closest competitor. This performance is however not global as in parts of the world such as Japan, were â€Å"sales were falling below those of Sony's PlayStation 3 during March 2009† (Harding, 2009) SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Rank (2008) observes that Nintendo has four major strengths which have to do with â€Å"a strong brand name, high returns, high employee efficiency, and debt free status.† This means that the company the potential of building a very formidable market base in many parts of the world since it is globally known and free from financial constraints. Weakness Nintendo’s greatest weakness has to do with its inability to meet demand of its products, especially the Wii. Rank (2008) laments that â€Å"the new Nintendo Wii console is under such high demand that the manufacturers are not able to supply the key components.† Opportunities Nint endo can take opportunity from two major areas, which are â€Å"Growing US games software market and increasing demand for online gaming† (You Sigma, 2009). The company is therefore challenged to take up the opportunity to grow its stake in the video game industry. Threat The company is threatened with the general slowdown of the Japanese, American and European markets (You Sigma, 2009) as a result of the global economic crisis. Analysis via Porter’s Five Forces Model Threat of new entrants The technology industry is a fast growing one with new entrance seen every now and then. Because of the seemingly lucrative nature of the industry, Nintendo risks stiffer opposition from new entrants who may not be new to technology but to the video game industry. In such a situation, such entrants are likely to cause a commercial stir with their existing name. Bargaining Power of Buyers Global economic hardships result in increased bargaining power by buyers (Konadu, 2004). Because the world is yet to recover fully from the global economic crisis, Nintendo risks buyer opting for lesser fee of products and services. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Nintendo’s suppliers raised their bargaining power due to offset of stricter opposition and competition in the video game market. Nintendo had to face competition from Microsoft and Sony and so had no other option than to give in to the bargain of suppliers. Substitute Products/Services Currently, Nintendo have shown lesser power to substitute its products as services. This is because for a very long time, the company’s focus has remained video game. Intense Rivalry Microsoft as one of the rivals of Ninendo will continue to offer intense rivalry because Microsoft is faced with stiff competition in other areas of its production such as software and computer production. For this reason, Microsoft is likely to pay more attention to the video game section of its company. Strategy used Nintendo’s strate gy can be seen in two major areas. First, taking advatange of technology where by the company’s â€Å"innovative approach to videogame technology is evinced through the Wii’s controller system† (Roccols, 2008). Such use of technology was perhaps neglected by competitiors. Secondly and closely linked to the first, the Nintendo Wii is able to target a larger user base as it targets consumers of all ages. With this strategy, â€Å"The Wii has allowed Nintendo to not only compete with Sony and Microsoft, but to experience the incredible success it remembers

East-Asian Crisis Essay Example for Free

East-Asian Crisis Essay Has state played a leading role in upgrading technologies in Asia Pacific? Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country or corporate examples. Introduction: The state is a lever that navigates economic process. It is managed by the country government which consists of all educational, socio-cultural, economical and geographical factors. The national innovation systems in Asia have a great significance in the process of technology adjustment (the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country. † (Patel and Pavitt (1994: 79)) (4) It sustains governmental institutions and forms economic conditions and opportunities. It influences a market by all restrictions and policies which navigate all import and export activities. The Asia Pacific region includes one of the most economically developed countries in the world. According to academic articles(8) developmental states as South Korea, Japan and Taiwan quickened their industrialisation in order to synchronise their economies with globalisation growth. From a historical perspective South Asia went through enormous industrial and state transformation after 2nd World War till the beginning of 21st century. An effective industrialisation process created the need of upgrading technologies and expanding business relations so to sustain the Asian competitive advantage and stabilise its economy. Furthermore a governmental institutional reform appeared to be essential element of the whole adjustment stage. The â€Å"tiger†(9) economies of Hong Kong and Singapore (plus these of South Korea and Taiwan) impressively adapted to balanced level of navigating their market and a â€Å"miracle† GDP growth followed. Examining the transformation processes in these economies creates an objective view of how the state influenced changes in technologies and why it has such a significant part in the East-Asian success. Body: The developmental states Japan: The process of industrialisation is a key developmental factor. It emerged in the beginning of the 20th century by the development of four machine industries: the rolling stock, spinning and weaving machines, machine tools and electric machinery(5)Between all of them the government held strongest influence on the rolling stock-a sub railway system which is an official representative of the system, having trade responsibility and negotiates with suppliers(6).The JNR(Japanese National Railway) policy changed after the 1950s and the private sector started managing its policies with governmental assistance. The rolling stock trading process established the Japanese co-operation with West-European suppliers. Essential approaches like government’s guidance in applying industrial policy, adjustment in labour-management relations, tolerating entrepreneurial firms seen as innovators instead of the zaibatsu-structured equivalents, were taken (3).The mentioned events , concerning Japanese technology adjusting, show the strong relation between state policies and technology level . The state itself is the agent which drives all innovations by the power of its policies and regulations. It played a main role in the factory legislation. Women workers needed protection and they could only receive it by governmental intervention. A report by AAB(Agricultural Affairs Bureau) in 1900 confirmed the negative affect of night shifts onto labour efficiency and technical progress. By taking in consideration this example the state role can be considered as more than crucial. It maintains the economy growth by securing its population conditions (human rights; socio-cultural perspective).In this way it sustains the workforce of the country, which is a main element of stabilising competitive advantage. Despite the fact that most economic articles stress on the â€Å"Japanese Miracle†(1) as a significant period of technology updating and state-system adjustment, the pioneers in technology investment appeared in the Meiji period. These businessmen founded a significant process which contributed to the rapid economic growth after World War II. Japanese role in the Electro-chemical industry has massively influenced the power of Japanese Army. Scientifically educated employees contributed for a better business analysis and strategies. A continuous growth is achieved when a government is concerned both for its trading power and socio-educational system. If both elements are properly maintained a country is able to sustain its competitive status worldwide as its observed in the Japanese case of Toyota-one of the most successful car manufacturer’s. â€Å"The key to the Toyota Way and what makes Toyota stand out is not any of the individual elements. But what is important is having all the elements together as a system. It must be practiced every day in a very consistent manner—not in spurts†(11) Toyota is a great example of brilliant cooperation between increasing labour efficiency and adjustin g technology system. Toyota took some fruitful approaches from the Western European managerial model and kept its unique values from the Japanese culture. It is observed that the more an Asian industry is independent from the state the better it adapts to the global business environment. State policies founded initial basis of the most important Asian features that should be taken and not changed in the business-cycle of a company. Toyota managed to follow the roots of the Japanese â€Å"know how† and at the same time keeps attracting professionals from all over the world in order to sustain its competitive advantage. Furthermore as a modern massive share-holder in different sectors it transformed into customer-oriented company targeting more market segments and reassuring to keep the demand of current customers. This is just one of the many great Japanese examples of sustaining a global market share. It can be stated that the more globalisation expands the higher is the need of rapid adaptation m ethods. Strongly centralised firms should transfer into more de-centralised strategic schemes if they want to achieve bigger success on a international level. Korea: From historical perspective Korea was controversially affected by both US (United States-South Korea) and the USSR(Union of Souviet Socialist Rebubplics-North Korea)During the Rhy government period(7) Korea focused on two massive industrial sectors: consumer goods and construction. After the Korean War (1950-1953) they become leading suppliers in these niches. Collaboration between the’’chaebols’’-â€Å"a group of companies, owed by a specific family, has centralised control and business in different industries that are not directly interrelated†((10)Korean Managerial Dynamics p.29) and the state can be considered as a main reason for the rapid industrialisation in the 1960s.The earlier establishment of cartels( Flour Mill, Sugar and Spinning Manufacturers)and corrupted Japanese and American support contributed to the chaebol growth. Hyundai is the major Korean constructor, which used to sustain and still does the Korean economy. Between 1940s and 1970s the ‘’chaebol’’ transformed into a large-multidivisional private system which expanded its business sectors. In this way the new system created economies of scale under a centralised management strategy. The renovated state policies enhanced the labour force and implemented the export industrialisation strategy. In order to (2)The chaebol business structure created highly-controlled production in the 1970s by hiring managers which took the role of supervisors. In the 1980s the government prioritised the need of higher workforce independence. The state shaped the legal frame of Korea, while supporting the chaebol economic and interest policies.((2);p.3)After the KCTU(Korean Confederation of Trade Unions) was established a significant decrease in the chaebol monopolism was noticed. In 1974 a â€Å"concentration of economic power† emerged as a negative issue.(Korean Managerial Dynamics; Chung, Khae and Lee, Hak Chong p.16) The Ko rean bank was forced to take action due to its monopolistic strength: all private businesses provided information to the open capital market. All monopolistic and cartel structures were constricted from entering new markets. Expectedly or not the existing cartels sustained their barriers of entry. Despite the fact Korea was stimulating domestic manufacturing there was a lack of physical technology ability and it has no choice but looking for external â€Å"packaged technology†(Korean Business: Internal and External factors) –component parts, specialised details, product specifications, quality control and professional assistance. In 1980 this resulted in high-inflation rates. Four recovering movements were taken: better managing of market mechanisms and stabilising price levels (led to export of domestically manufactured technologies); transforming domestic monopolism to a free-competitive foreign markets (increasing of social welfare); encouraging foundation of small-medium businesses. It can be concluded that all state reforms derived from either political external or internal problems. The complicated internal reforms caused to a non-balanced upgrading processes. Korea needed a quick re-navigation and focus on catching up with Western Europe rivals. Good examples of chaebol companies are Samsung and Hyundai. Samsung (founded in 1938 (12))business group is the largest one in terms of annual sales-21 billion dollars in 1987 with 160,000 workers in 42 companies (10 p.29) It entered the insurance, security and enterprise sectors. Nowadays it possesses a major shares in electronics, chemical, construction, manufacturing, land development, service and technology markets. By a constant governmental navigation and assistance this great example of East-Asian conglomerate diversified its supply. While the state takes responsibility of providing well-educated and strong workforce the company itself is concerned of the trading process and constant technology upgrading. â€Å"When Samsung has difficulties in transferring technology, it relied on several different strategic avenues: seeking alternative sources of technology, buying it from financially troubled, small American firms; developing its own technology; or entering a consortium with other local competitors to develop technology†((15)â€Å"Korean Business: Internal and External Industrialisation†) By analysing this strategic approach an excellent decision-making skills are observed. The alternative of â€Å"buying† from American small firms shows that the Korean leader constantly generates cash flow in order to afford such activities in a critical moment. Even â€Å"consortium† schemes were made which shows the great adaptation to the market condition and to all supplying competitors. By competing in different markets and upgrading its business structure Samsung enhances Korean economic stability and competitiveness on international level. A leading competitive ad vantage of Samsung is the brilliant combination of price and quality. The possession of well-educated managers and continuously upgraded technology provides a great reputation of top gadget- producer. Taiwan: The favourable geographic location of the country between the Far-East and Southeast Asia made it a desirable trading place between Western Europe and Asia. Different rivals colonised it as well. Taiwan started its technological developmental in a later stage comparing to its bigger neighbours Japan and Korea. After the 1990s Taiwan became one of the leading ICT(Information and technology communications)suppliers(16)Its well-maintained Research and Development sector and patented technology are fair reasons of the current success. Chinese neoliberalism: A slower economic growth in China is observed comparing to the Japanese and Korean one. A high negative influence of the conserved socio-cultural environment is a main reason. The CFB(Chinese Family Business) internal managerial system has a closed-family ideology. There was a conflict between Chinese conservatism and Chinese world-economy adaptation. Its governmentally centralised system suffered lack of managerial professionalism. This introvert attitude of CFB to business created an obstacle for further technologic improvement because establishing new operational system needs well-educated navigators familiarised with the technology. Furthermore loosing the market trading processes of import and export was irreversible. Modernisation schemes were taken: increase of international trades and foundation of FDI(Foreign Direct Investment- investing in country A, by taking advantage of its geographical and labour conditions and controlling from country B which owns all assets and benefit the bigger prt of the incentive) , which was quite beneficial strategy both for China and Japan. It was necessary to minimise the cultural interference and radically involve western techniques. By focusing onto micro-level variables as behaviour China kept losing its macro level of structural and technological competitiveness. The strong communism affected negatively on both industrialisation and technology adjustment. Recent technology-transfer Laws in the Asia Pacific: Setting up Transfer Laws has essential role in the whole Asia-Pacific trade legitimacy. They also determine the significance of technologies and how they are used in a more effective way. In China a warmer attitude to foreign companies is observed. Its entry into the WTO(World Trade Organisation) encouraged cross-continental transfers. In 1999 China accepted the UCL(Unified Contract Law) which gave more freedom by license agreement which can be signed between partners and fasten all transfers. In 2003 The Ministry of Commerce was founded as well as new three-type technology categorisation: prohibited, restricted or permitted. The foundation of such institutions was a necessity in order to exclude all wasting money and time processes, which is both beneficial for suppliers and buyers. The determinant of accepting import transfer is whether it will enhance China’s technological improvement. Furthermore it should not be an environmental and security constraint. Equivalent technology licences(legal and contractual) were formed in Japan. In April 2004 the National University Corporation Law was accepted, providing bigger educational independence which enhances the social welfare and gives more opportunities to young individuals specialise their skills into different sectors. Historically observed, South-Korea always had strictly controlled technology-licensing system in order to preserve newly-founded firms from their out-boundaries rivals and ensures continuous development. Co-operation between education and management led the Asian Pacific to a top place in the technology world. The laws approved in the end of 20th century were turned into a new transfer law in the 21st century. The FIPA(Foreign Investment Promotion Act) is in charge of all foreign investment s. It is an autonomous institution which has the power to simplify and navigate all import activities for the sake of higher country incentive. Its strategy is to attract investment and sustain competitive international advantage. The Monopoly Regulation and FTA(Fair Trade act )(Hill,2006)(19) Conclusion: While the Asia Pacific was struggling to escape out of its cultural constraints and its isolated business system during the first half of the 20th century, it appeared that it adapted rapidly through the second half of the century. It went under serious governmental and structural transforms. It seems that the Asian recovery period after the Second World War was far away more intensive and successful comparing to some European countries. From 1990 to 1997 Asia generated over one-third of the global value-added production by high-technology production industries, higher to the the European and US shares.(13) Investments in the Research and Development sector are significant for successf ul technology adjustment. The establishment of new universities and modifying their educational systems provide scientists and intelligent individuals who can operate and cope with the technology process. The importance of conserving culture-oriented models is of the same sensuality as expanding growth on international level. The Asian ambition of establishing leadership in important world industries contributed to its success. Although there were huge periods of struggling adapting new managerial work-plans the â€Å"tiger economies† managed to survive during tough war and reform periods. Even not really friendly-orientated of cooperating between each other Asian economy survived because of the common adaptation strength and control of markets. The connection between the state and business was not simply one of interference or direction by the state of the market. â€Å"It was rather a positive partnership involving many connections between entities† (Johnson,1997)A geographical advantage of more isolated location in the world enhanced the Asian state independence and its technology orientation. Obviously the bigger sized Asian economies like China and Japan overtook cultural and religion influence.They started their recovering processes more rapidly comparing to the late-comer economies of Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia.(Warner,2007) Bibliography: 1. Maidement, R., Mackerras C., (1998) Culture and Society In The Asia-Pacific, United Kingdom: Routledge 2. Rowley, C., Bae, J., (1998) Korean Business Internal and External Industrialization, Chippenham: Antony Rowe Ltd. 3. Yui, T., Nakagawa, (1989) Japanese Management in Historical Perspective, Japan: University of Tokyo Press 4. Kwon, S., O’Donnell, M., (2001) The Chaebol and Labour in Korea The development of managmenet strategy in Hyundai, Oxon: Routledge 5. Rowley, C., Warner, M., (2009) Management in South-East Asia Business Culture, Enterprises and Human Resources, Oxfordshire: Routledge 6. Chung, K., Lee H., (1989) Korean Managerial Dynamics, New York: Praeger 7. The Japanese Miracle, http://www.japanese123.com/japanesemiracle.htm Date accessed 2/12/2012 8. Borisova, N., (2011) The market, the state, and the culture in economic development in Asia, http://nataliaborisova.hubpages.com/hub/market-state-culture-asia Date accessed 2/12/2012 9. (2004)Four The Rise of the Regions: Fiscal Reform and the Decline of Central State Capacity i n China 10. http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5g50071kchunk.id=d0e3492toc.depth=100brand=ucpress Date accessed 2/12/2012 11. Wu Y., (2004) The China Quarty, Volume 177, pp 91-114 12. Samsung History, http://www.samsung-mobiles.net/history-of-samsung.html Date accessed 3/12/2012 13. Taiwan’s Technology Industry Marks Global Success http://www.forbescustom.com/DiversityPgs/UnityFirst/3_4_09/UFNAACPTaiwanTechP1.html Date accessed 4/12/2012 http://www.pom.ir/wp-content/uploads/PDF/book/The%20Toyota%20Way.pdf 14. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/pdf/nsf07319.pdf 15. http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr41/pdf/f14_miz.pdf 16. http://www.economist.com/node/13649520 17. 10) 18. Hill, D., 2006, â€Å"Developments in Asia†,The Licensing Journal

Emily Dickinsons Feelings About Death Revealed in Her Poem, Because I

Emily Dickinson's Feelings About Death Revealed in Her Poem, Because I could not stop for Death Emily Dickinson grew up in New England in the late 1800s. The nineteenth century was a difficult time period for the people of America. There was an abundance of war, epidemic, and death. Because her house was located beside a graveyard, Dickinson saw many of the elaborate funeral processions as they passed (Murray). Because of these experiences, death became very real to her, and it made a large impression on her life. Conrad Aikin, one of the many critics of Dickinson's work, believes that: "Death and the problem of life after death obsessed her" (15). She had a very peculiar idea about eternity that was unlike any of the traditional Christian ideas of that time period. Dickinson's strong feelings about death are expressed through hundreds of poems where she maximizes and characterizes many qualities of death. However, "Because I could not stop for Death" is one that receives a great deal of critical attention and causes a great deal of interest. In this poem, Dickinson uses person ification and metaphors to develop the idea of death, which is a suitor arriving, and to reveal how doubtful the speaker is about the indefinite event of eternity. Through this poem, Dickinson allows the reader to see her feelings about death. She feels that no one can know for sure what will take place after death, and she believes the idea of eternity is unknown. In "Because I could not stop for Death," the poet personifies death, making him a real person with human characteristics. For this reason, many consider this poem one of her greatest works. Chris Semansky has written a great deal about modern and postmodern literature. In the article "An ... ...et al. The Emily Dickinson Handbook. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1998. Meyer, Michael, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. Murray, Barbara. Personal Interview. 21 Mar. 2001. Semansky, Chris. "An Overview of 'Because I could not stop for Death.'" Poetry for Students, GaleNet, 1997. March 2001. <http://www.galenet.gale.com>. Sewall, Richard B. ed. Emily Dickinson: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963. Tate, Allen. "Emily Dickinson." Sewall 22. -. "Essay." Poetry Criticism. 16 Vols. Ed. Robert V. Young. Detroit: Gale Research, 1991. 2: 84-85. Wiebuch, Robert. "Prisming Dickinson; or Gathering Paradise by Letting Go." Grabher et al. 214.

Therapeutic Music

People are now playing therapeutic music for patients in hospitals, hospices and other clinical settings to improve their healing. Music seems to be therapeutic to the human mind. Music can also provoke memories. It can trigger things in our minds that we all have experienced as humans. Music's power extends to the point where we don't even have to hear a song, we just have to think of it. When this happens, memories of a particular event or time in our lives that possess or resemble some type of association can come flooding back (Science of People; Danielle M. Baker). Through these scientific discoveries, we see yet another aspect of the power of music in the human mind. This power can be seen in the composition Forever Music by Mark Hayes and Susan Boersma. Historically and scientifically, it is evident that music has a power that is both unique and universal. The language of Forever Music is written for the intended purpose of global unification through the power of music. The idea of producing a common ground amongst all people who can hear. The message; music represents life, peace, time, love, and the happy assembly of all people in the world regardless of ones individual background. Each lyrical element in this piece is intended to allow all people of every culture to share a song. A song that carries meaning applicable to everyone who can hear. Mark and Susan seem to have envisioned, as demonstrated by the text's language and rhetoric, a peaceful and unified world that has the deepest appreciation for life and music. The audience for this text is timeless. â€Å"†¦ where present, past, and future meet upon a narrow bridge of time.† This work is written for all people of all ages. It is designed to inform the world that each individual life is a song meant to be sung. The study of this piece, Forever Music, can be broken down into many different segments. We will take time to dissect each phrase in the song with the hope of being able to fully understand the depths of its symbolism and how what it communicates relates to people of every age and from every culture around the world. We will contextualize the songs language though it's lyrics, and we will also try to gain a better musical understanding for the way that this piece was composed. We can just as easily dissect the musical element of Forever Music as the lyrical element. These two categories, individually, are imbedded with such meaning, emotion, and symbolism. These are things that we get to discover! There are many years of professional experience between this works creators, and because of this, their experiences enhance their ability, and this songs ability, to reach a timeless audience from every culture.

Inequalities in Health

Inequalities in health have many factors but these can be argued against as to whether they are the actual cause. Social class is a factor, along with region, age, gender, ethnicity etc. Measuring the impact of social class is difficult because social classes have changed over the years, eg) working class living conditions have changed, and there is a delay in the onset of diseases, eg) Asbestos related illness. (NICE 2009) However the Black Reports (1980) finding was that the death rate for men in the lower social classes was twice that for men in the higher social classes, and the gap between the two was increasing not reducing.It also showed that some people in the lower classes were experiencing worse health than in the 1950s, maybe giving evidence that the change in working class living conditions wasn’t such a contributory factor. The report showed that British rates of infant mortality were in some cases higher than those in many developing countries, which doesnâ€℠¢t point towards a class inequality. The Black Report identified four explanations of health inequalities, the artefact explanation, natural or social selection, the cultural/behavioural explanation and materialist or structural explanation.The artefact explanation stated that the relationship between class and health is artificial rather than real, arising either through the inadequate measurement of social class and health, or in the measurement of the relationship between the two. (UCEL 2003) The natural and social explanation involved the idea that health was a cause of social class position rather than a consequence, and that individuals are selected into higher classes, while the weakest go down the social scale to occupy the lowest position.The cultural/behavioural explanation defined culture as a set of specific behaviours (smoking, excessive drinking, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity) which have consequences for health. These behaviours were regarded as cultural becau se of the understanding that they are within the control of individuals. The materialist or structuralist explanation explained the role of economic and structural factors in the distribution of health and well being. Research was conducted to provide evidence for the materialist/structuralist explanation.It found a link between low birth  weight and high blood pressure in adulthood which leads to increased coronary heart disease. (UCEL 2003) The Inverse care law stated that working class people receive poorer treatment from the health service. It stated that in poorer areas, qualified doctors are less likely to set up practices so people in lower classes are less like to receive efficient healthcare, when in fact they may be the ones that need it most due to bad living conditions & housing etc. The postcode lottery refers to this suggesting postcodes in richer areas tend to have more money to spend on health care than poorer areas.  (DH 2011)The Acheson Report (1998) showed man y similarities with the Black Report. It found that there are still inequalities in different class groups, with evidence it is still growing. The report put forward several solutions including policies to reduce stress at work, improved access to health services for all classes, improve nutrition in schools, improved benefits and access to benefits for the most needy families. (DH 2011) In summary the evidence shows there are social class based health inequalities, however there are problems in measuring class and health.The issue of social change, and delay in the onset of diseases should be taken into account when looking at this inequality. Evidence shows life expectancy is lower in poorer, less developed countries. The Acheson Report is in depth, but prefers to advise how funds should be allocated and not what should be done to solve the problems. Some evidence for social class health inequality is more conclusive than others, however social class can involve status, wealth, cu lture, background and employment. There is not a simple relationship between class and ill health. Everyone will experience a number of different influences on their health.

3 More Sentences with Unnecessary Semicolons

3 More Sentences with Unnecessary Semicolons 3 More Sentences with Unnecessary Semicolons 3 More Sentences with Unnecessary Semicolons By Mark Nichol 1. Some new entrants probably need to have a deeper focus on security and privacy than they have; not least because it is only a matter of time before they, too, are regulated more closely. A semicolon is required to separate the two halves of a sentence only when both clauses are independent, but the second clause is dependent- it doesn’t have a subject, such as in â€Å"This is because it is . . . .†: â€Å"Some new entrants probably need to have a deeper focus on security and privacy than they have, not least because it is only a matter of time before they, too, are regulated more closely. 2. Infrastructure can include the following: a common risk language and other frameworks; knowledge sharing to identify best practices; common training; and integration of risk responses with business plans. In this sentence, the four items are simple, in that none of them are themselves complicated by internal punctuation, so a series of commas is sufficient to structure the organization of the list: â€Å"Infrastructure can include the following: a common risk language and other frameworks, knowledge sharing to identify best practices, common training, and integration of risk responses with business plans.† 3. We can assist with the design and implementation of the mortgage-servicing requirements by providing project-management support and structure; documenting processes and identifying opportunities to address inefficiencies; and developing new and/or enhancing existing policies, procedures, monitoring programs, key metrics, and training. In this sentence, the final list item (â€Å"beginning with â€Å"and developing†) has internal punctuation, which would normally signal the need for more robust punctuation between the items. However, because each item begins with a distinct verb, the structure of the sentence is clear, so commas suffice to separate them: â€Å"We can assist with the design and implementation of the mortgage-servicing requirements by providing project-management support and structure, documenting processes and identifying opportunities to address inefficiencies, and developing new and/or enhancing existing policies, procedures, monitoring programs, key metrics, and training.† (It also helps that the complex item is the last one in the sentence.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidBest Websites to Learn EnglishThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Small Business Program and Source Selection Plans Research Paper

Small Business Program and Source Selection Plans - Research Paper Example As a government Contracting Officer, the programs are qualified for small business through a particular criteria and size standard. This program is not dominant on its operational fields although there are various influences on the national business activities also some business interest primarily engaged in small business (Byrd and Megginson, 2013). This perspective determines the dominance of the projects in consideration to the market volumes and the number of employees and achieved since the business contractors have the ownership of control material and the nature of the business activities. The Small Business Program today has grown significantly, due to the history since the foundation of the program. For example, in the year 1958, The Investment Company Act developed Small Business Investment Company program that regulated and assisted in providing funds for privately own businesses and for the operated venture capital investment firms. Additionally, the program also speciali zed in providing long-term debts and equity investment to small businesses. Thereafter, the Small business Act was used to develop the Equal Opportunity Loan Program that lessened credit and collateral requirement for applicants for the poor people in order to encourage new innovative small businesses that had been unable to attract financial support. Presently, the programs have extended its support to small businesses in management assistance, government contract procurement backing, and a specialized reach to the women and other minority groups (Hillstrom, & Hillstrom, 2002). Evaluate the small business set-aside program concerning the eligibility to participate Primarily, the program provides support to small businesses so the requirements for eligibility are mostly based on the aspects of the business, most importantly; they are based on what the business does to acquire their income, where the business operates, and lastly the character of its ownership. However, there are som e universal requirements that the program needs to be eligible for assistance. First, the business should be a small in America as prescribed by the SBA and should be operating for profits, as a result, it should have reasonable invested equity. Secondly, the business should have the capability of demonstrating that they need the support, and present a reasonable business purpose. Thirdly, the business should not have any existing debt to the American government; also use other alternatives such as personal assets before seeking assistance from the program (Byrd and Megginson, 2013). The small businesses programs focus on eligibility of businesses to participate, and the encouragement of small domestic business to join in national research that has commercialization potential. Since the program is competitive, the program ensures that individuals in small businesses have the ability to participate in different possible activities, and this provides enticement of profits from commerc ialization. These Small business programs are diverse and target different succeeding innovative businesses, for example in technology sector. However, the risk and expense of conducting the product results are usually beyond the means of various small businesses (Swift & Booker, 2003). Through reservation of several factors of federal funds and government contrac

Operations manager at John lewis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operations manager at John lewis - Essay Example The researcher resorted to the review of several management principles such as Kotter’s 8 step change management model, Mintzberg’s management theory and Black Mouton managerial grid. The theories served as a strong foundation thereby enabling the researcher to identify the extent to which the managers in John Lewis effectively emulated the management principles in order to establish a better work environment which enables them to focus on both the welfare of the employees and the productivity of the organization. The management of John Lewis believes in a simple principle and that is any development within the employees will have a direct or indirect contribution to the development of the business. That is why the managers introduced a management development programme in order to ensure that the employees perform at their peak. The training program is designed to provide employees with ample scope for personal development. This will help the employees to identify their areas of strengths and work accordingly to achieve personal as well as organizational goals. The managers of John Lewis focus more on the development of personal and technical skills (John Lewis Partnership, 2015a). They follow a training and development plan based on three pillars depicted in figure 1. The managers emphasize on training the employees in three dimensions: experience (characterized by on the job training), exposure and exchange (characterised by knowledge, information and skill sharing between employees at workplace) and education (training based on theoretical learning). The training and development programme in John Lewis is designed to impart skills to employees belonging from all departments. The management framework in the company is identical to the Mintzbergs Management Roles theory. While conducting the training and development program the managers play an instrumental role in managing the new recruits. They have to change their roles

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Euthanasia - Essay Example The American Medical Association embraces the belief that active euthanasia is not acceptable due to the involvement of the intentional ending of a patient’s life by another human being. Many current thinkers have argued for and against this view discussing the moral acceptability of such an action, and some of the most notable arguments come from James Rachels. Rachels states that a strong case can be made against the American Medical Association’s doctrine. His main point is that passive euthanasia is not always preferable to active euthanasia: he states that, in some cases, there is simply no moral disparity linking active euthanasia and passive euthanasia. This is because they both are morally equivalent concerning the ultimate goal; however, it is factual that active euthanasia may be fair compared to passive euthanasia. He says that once the choice has been made not to prolong the patient’s agony, active euthanasia would be preferable because the latter wou ld lead to an unnecessary period of suffering (Dixon 25). His most brilliant example is the instance of the babies with a severe Down’s syndrome who were given birth with obstructions in the intestines. He states that sometimes in such cases the babies are allowed to die even if these matters were considered deeply; thus, we would find compelling moral grounds for preferring active euthanasia to passive euthanasia in the vastly greater degree of suffering involved in letting the baby die. Rachels challenge the doctrine that passive euthanasia is preferable to active euthanasia; he declares that it leads to decisions concerning life and death based on irrelevant grounds as to whether a person’s life should continue or not. He argues that ordinarily an intestinal obstruction can be fixed and is not a life or death matter; but in the case of a baby with Down’s syndrome with an intestinal obstruction, he or she should be allowed to die because of Down syndrome and n ot the intestinal obstruction. The presence of the intestinal obstruction in the baby becomes irrelevant due to its having Down’s syndrome, and this is the argument which justifies allowing the prolonged suffering of the baby before it dies instead of fixing the intestinal obstruction which would relieve it of the pain. This justifies Rachels’ argument against the American Medical Association’s doctrine that this doctrine rests on a distinction between killing and letting die that itself has no moral importance because they both lead to the same end and the means of getting there is inconsequential (Javier 262). Jake objects to Rachels’ argument and justifies his stance stating that active euthanasia is based on a person’s decision of killing a patient intentionally, and this is meant to bring to the end the patient’s suffering. This is hugely different from passive euthanasia, as in this case a patient is left to die in his or her own time and not given any substance that will make them die. According to Jake, therefore, it would be true to say that there is a clear difference between active and passive euthanasia, and that this difference is based on the morality of the two actions. While passive euthanasia can be considered morally right, active euthanasia

The Missing Link Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Mr. Palomar and When My Brother Was An Aztec Analysis

Mr. Palomar and When My Brother Was An Aztec Analysis When My Brother Was an Aztec is Natalie Diazs first accumulation of poems. The book is separated into three parts. The first section of the book is committed to catching cultural depictions of Native Americans and their communities, the second segment is about the drug addicted brother, and the third on the pity and agony that goes with reservation life. On the other hand, Italo Calvinos Mr. Palomar is a novel that comprises a series of short chapters, each in sets of three, which explores Mr. Palomars universe. The text is broken into three individual sections. They are Palomars Vacation, Palomar In the City and The Silences of Palomar. This novel presents the story of a man who cannot move past his self-made boundaries. It depends on things that our principle character, the middle-aged Mr. Palomar, sees and ponders. This paper will examine the way both the author Natalie Diaz and Italo Calvino uses the scene and overall importance of the scene in text. Also, it will scrutinize simi lar or different approaches taken by the authors to scene and how do these approaches impact the result. Poems in the first section of Diaz most specifically address Native American experience and the first section of Mr. Palomar addresses visual experiences. The first section of the book is committed to catching social previews of Native Americans and their groups. There are some poems that juxtapose glimpses of those communities against standard culture, as with Cloud Watching and If Eve Side-Stealer and Mary Busted-Chest Ruled the World, these and others make a study of the devastated conditions that numerous Native Americans are compelled to live in and around reservations. The outright highlight of the section is The Last Mojave Indian Barbie. The gently hidden scrutinize of standard cultures misleading position toward Native Americans is made entertaining in light of the fact that it is wrapped in the transparent appearance of the tremendously censured doll Barbie. The piece is flippant and shocking, which makes the demonstrations of the youngsters toys all more amusing. On the ot her hand, the reader is acquainted with Mr. Palomar as he endeavors to think about the way of one wave through direct perception. Calvino, in third person, points of interest wonderfully the trouble of doing as such, as the wave itself raises and falls, shifts shapes and dimensions, is converged with different waves, parts from itself and changes, and at last dies along the beach. In Mr. Palomar, Calvino tells us, is trusting that in achieving a reply with regards to the structure of a single waves nature, its development and decimation, he will discover a similarity to the reply with regards to the topic of the piece of the universes nature. He neglects to do as such, is flopped even to diminish his nervousness in endeavoring to do as such, and proceeds onward. The following story being one of endeavoring to accomplish the fitting concordance of detachedness and mindfulness as to a topless sunbather to pass on regard for tradition and regard for her femininity, with the aftereffect of being perceived as a pervert. Poems in the second section of Diaz represents another sort of experience and the second section of Mr. Palomar shows components that are anthropological, or cultural in the expansive sense. The reader finds that the second segment takes a more genuine thoughtfulness and altogether refocuses on the brothers character. His crazy drug addicted behavior is expertly caught in My Bother at 3am.. Using non-particular solid subtle elements, Diaz transports the reader to the scene for observing the Brothers hallucination of the devil, feel the siblings fear, and feel his moms despondency. It is one of the best poems in the collection. The section finishes up with a formal internment of the sibling in No More Cake Here. The poem utilizes sound and imagery to catch the sisters help and blame at being remembered at her brothers death. Toward the end, the reader is made uncertain as the sibling returns and tells the sister/narrator that he is not dead. Now, the reader may assume that the brother is a signifier for the wrongs of a modern culture and that the sister infers present day society unnecessarily depleted and too much occupied, making it difficult to oversee troublesome issues. On the other hand, Palomar in his garden attempting to comprehend a blackbirds whistle and Palomar microscopically looking at the infinity of his lawn; Palomar watching the moon and the planets and the stars (Mr. Palomar Book Review Summary). Palomar getting another point of view on his city from his patio and considering the mass whirling of starlings. Palomar wondering about every one of the assortments of cheeses in a cheese specialists and ending up purchasing a simple cheese bothered as he is called to make his request. Palomar also at the zoo contrasting himself with a giraffe (Mr. Palomar Book Review Summary). The poem of Diaz and the novel of Calvino provides new experiences from different aspects. The reader finds the poems of When My Brother Was an Aztec are expertly made utilizing imagery, sound, and frame to catch their individual subjects in striking conduct. Likewise, the book functions as a whole. It works as a scrutinize of the issues of poverty and drug addictions confronting standard and Native American society. Diaz is completely fruitful with this, her first collection. Diaz tries different things with structure in a large number of her poems to demonstrate how the association of a poem is just as important as its content. When My Brother Was an Aztec takes after a stair-step example to demonstrate that as Diaz and her family take after her brother more distant and further down his dangerous way, there is no real way to return. On the other hand, Mr. Palomar watches and considers questions as various as blackbirds, the sky, a cheddar shop, and the naked bosom of a sunbather. A t least twice, be that as it may, Mr. Palomar finds the tables turned on him, turning into the watched instead of the observer (Mr. Palomar Characters). At the end of the novel, Mr. Palomars absence of authoritative self-knowledge gets to be distinctly prominent, however then, as the creator proposes, a telescope is most likely not the best instrument for seeing oneself. Finally, it can be said that In When My Brother Was an Aztec, Natalie Diaz looks at memorys part in human identity. Every poem is layered with different pictures and feelings exhibiting the tumult that imbues familial connections, especially those clashed by social conflicts and drug addiction. On the other hand, Italo Calvinos Mr. Palomar is a novel, yet in another sense, it is just about a philosophy book, beautiful all things considered as it brags no answers, rather it is basically a series of perceptions and inquiries with respect to them. By this way, both the authors were successful to express what they wanted to say in different form of writings. Works Cited Calvino, Italo. Mr. Palomar. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Print. Diaz, Natalie. When My Brother Was an Aztec. Port Townsend, WA: Copper Canyon, 2012.Print. Mr. Palomar Book Review Summary. Detailed Review Summary of Mr. Palomar by Italo Calvino. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. Mr. Palomar Characters ENotes.com. Enotes.com. Enotes.com, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Teaching Philosophy Education Essa

My Philosophy of Education A child’s education is one of the most important, if not the most important, aspects of his or her life. With this in mind, teachers are very influential characters. Therefore it is essential that teachers develop their educational philosophy and their educational goals before making the big step from being a student to being a teacher. I would now like to present my educational philosophy and goals. I will do this by combining the thoughts of Rousseau, Plato/Socrates, Sophistry/Foucault, Pragmatism/Progressivism and interpreting and creating it into my own. First, I would like to share my thoughts on the nature of human beings. I agree with Plato and Socrates in the sense that most human beings (students) are not alike and are therefore sorted into groups. I do not believe, however, that it is my right or responsibility to sort students into my own defined groups. This proves to be unfair and provides no sense of autonomy to the students. In today’s society, mainly the students do the sorting process, themselves, into what we know as â€Å"peer groups†. This is why I also agree with the Pragmatists and Progressivists’ view in which they believe that human beings are social as well as experiencing, exploring, and thinking individuals. In addition, I feel that students are innocent with a capacity for good or evil and the environment determines their direction, as does Rousseau. Unfortunately, the environments surrounding children today are not always conductive for learning; therefore, I want to present m y classroom as a safe, positive, and conductive atmosphere. Next, I want to examine the nature of knowledge. I strongly agree with Rousseau’s view of knowledge. I... ...the classroom and to begin building upon my teaching experience. I do not plan to stop there; I plan to further my education every chance that I get by taking more classes, going to seminars, and so on. I feel that a good teacher is one that never stops learning; one’s education is never ending. However, I have a strong feeling that I will learn so much more once I become part of a classroom filled with little ones awaiting my every word and watching my every move. Yes, teaching is a heavy responsibility and should not be taken lightly; but I am ready. In conclusion, I cannot choose one philosopher that I agree with 100%. But I do think highly of Rousseau’s philosophy of education. Furthermore, with a strong education foundation, I feel that I will be able to attain my goals as a teacher through that of the various philosophies presented in this paper.

The Meaning of Family Photographs

The Meaning of Family Photographs By Charles Williams |[pic] | |Vanek family members dance. | The family is on vacation. A father takes out his point-and-shootcamera, poses his wife and kids and takes a quick snapshot. Eventually, the photograph is filed away in the family photo album. Ameaningless activity? Maybe not. Everyday, thousands of familyphotographs are taken with little regard for the meaning of therecorded image. Much attention has been paid to scholars' views ofdomestic life.However, relatively little attention has been paid tocultural productions, such as photo albums, that have been generatedby families themselves (Trend, 1992). By neglecting discussion onthis subject, scholars indicate that the home is not a place ofserious academic work (Trend, 1992). But researchers increasingly arestudying the meaning behind the photographs. April Saul won firstplace in the Feature Picture Story category at the 1992 Pictures ofthe Year competition for her portrayal of the American family. Shebelieved that family struggles were an important topic of journalism. I hope what it [winning] means is that the everyday struggles of anAmerican family are as valid in their own way as the struggles goingon in Azerbajian or Sarajevo — and that the private wars next doorcan be as compelling as the bloody, public ones thousands of milesaway. † Family photographs can be considered cultural artifacts becausethey document the events that shape families' lives. Thus, therecording of family history becomes an important endeavor. In manycases, photographs are the only biographical material people leavebehind after they die (Boerdam, Martinius, 1980).But, the impact offamily photo albums extends beyond merely recording history. Interpretation of family structures, relationships and self ispossible through viewing family photographs. The Meaning of family photographs Interpretation of meaning behind photographs assumes that they are ameans of communication (Entin, 19 79). Family photographs can tell astory. One photograph can be a mini-slice of an occurrence, but theaccumulation of pictures begins to reveal threads of consistent themesand patterns. For all practical purposes, they become an informalphoto essay.Much like family storytelling, photographs indicaterelationships within and among the family. Indeed, the family photoalbum is an easy way to initiate outsiders to family history (Boerdam,Martinius, 1980). Photographs provide an easy topic of conversationallowing potential family members, such as boyfriends or girlfriends,to be initiated into family structures and tradition. A key principleto consider when interpreting photographs is that they are produced bychoice. Choices about who, what, when and where to photograph can sayas much about the photographer as the subject.The camera does notsimply record an event but also records what the photographer choosesto see. Photographs are a statement about one's perception of theworld. They are a reflection and definition of self. If that personhas a happy family, then others may perceive him to be a good husbandor wife. Parents' innocent snapshots are important in constructingtheir sense of identity (Merz, 1988). Traditionally, photographs havebeen taken from a male perspective. The father is most often absentfrom family photographs because he is the one who usually commandsauthority, poses the family and takes the picture (Trend, 1992).The family photographer isn't the only one who has authority to shape thefamily image. Other people may edit the photos. Some photographs areselected for presentation in an album while others are rejected. Control of the editorial process can be as important as control overproduction of the photographs. Decisions regarding what to keep,throw away and display can provide valuable information about theperson assembling the album. History of Family Portraiture Portraits of family members originally were produced by earlypainters.Prior to the Tw entieth century, family portraits were astatement of power and profession. Paintings were expensive and timeconsuming to produce, thereby limiting subject matter to heads ofstate, military leaders, royalty or other members of the ruling class. When the daguerreotype was prominent (1840-1860), early inventors andphotographers were well respected and belonged to the social elite. When the process was cheaper, people began going to photographicstudios, usually during special occasions such as weddings where aserious, dignified atmosphere was observed.The well-respected natureof photography, elegant studio furnishings and the knowledge that apermanent image was being created, caused the atmosphere to be tenseand the portraits to appear rigid (Boerdam, Martinius, 1980). Becausefilm speeds were relatively slow, long exposures were necessary whichrequired subjects to remain stationary for long periods of time. However, in the later half of the Nineteenth century, impressionistpainters such as Vincent Van Gogh changed the manner in which manypeople constructed family portraits.His paintings were of commonpeople in common situations causing a shift from formal to informalportraiture (Halle, 1991). Similar changes began to occur in thephotographic medium during the early Twentieth century. Streetphotographers began operating around family tourist attractions. Atthe time, few people owned a camera so it wasn't unusual to have thefamily's picture taken at the beach by such photographers. As aresult, the clothing and poses became more relaxed and informal andthe backgrounds became more significant. These types of photos wereforerunners to the casual present-day family photograph.By the 1920sand 1930s, photo albums included both formal studio portraiture andcarefree vacation shots (Boerdam, Martinius, 1980). Advances intechnology increased the ability of the average person to produceinformal vacation pictures. George Eastman had introduced the firstKodak camera in 1885. â⠂¬Å"You press the button, we do the rest,† was thecompany's motto. Improvements continued, including introduction ofthe 35mm Leica in 1924 as well as technical advances such as smallercameras, faster films and flash. The scope of possible shootinglocations was increased with the invention of the flash.Indoorphotography, where much of personal life is conducted, fell within therealm of the amateur photographer. Technical capabilities beganproviding intimate access to the home. Changes in technologyparalleled changes in behavior. As more people owned cameras andbecame familiar with their workings, the photographic process becameless intimidating, and the proliferation of the equipment beganchanging the content of the photographs (Boerdam, Martinius, 1980). In addition, people simply became accustomed to being photographed. This in turn produced more casual situations, hence more causalsubjects.In early photographs, the subjects were often posed, muchlike they had been for painte rs. The beach photographers offered amore relaxed style, but they too had the subjects stare straight intothe camera. A new kind of snapshot eventually would emerge that nowdominates photo albums. It shows a group of people engaged in someongoing activity, not necessarily looking at the camera. A downsidedoes exist to the proliferation of simple cameras. When they becameinexpensive and easy to use, they flourished in American society. However, trade-offs were inevitable.The lack of need for technicalexpertise was counterbalanced by a lack of creative control. Point-and-shoot cameras are equipped with fixed-focus lenses andpre-set apertures ensuring that medium range shots are the norm(Trend, 1992). Photography has become easier and thus more popular. Everyone has the potential to take good family photographs especiallysince the introduction of color-negative film which allows moreexposure latitude. The subsequent rise in the number of photos takenconfirms this fact. In the Netherlan ds in 1960, the number of colorphotographs taken was 600,000.In 1974, it was 103 million (Boerdam,Martinius, 1980). The easier-to-use cameras likely have acceleratedthe use of cameras by women to photograph their children. So eventhough the number of formal, solemn occasions is decreasing, thenumber of photographs is drastically increasing. Photographicrepresentation was possible as early as 1840. Yet society wasunprepared for such a revelation. An unplanned social processdeveloped that established which aspects of community life it wasappropriate to photograph (Boerdam, Martinius, 1980). As a result,communities established norms that continue to have an effect onsubject matter.Relationships between family members and amongrelatives are less formal and less controlled by religious and otherinstitutions outside of the family than in previous generations. Theinfluence of the church has diminished in some communities; therefore,ceremonies such as baptisms are less essential sources of familyrecord keeping. (Boerdam, Martinius, 1980). Although most occasionscan be photographed from a technical standpoint, social and ethicallimitations on subject matter remain. Arguments, fights, sickness,death and sex are rarely documented photographically. This hasn'talways been the case.Dead children were photographed during thenineteenth century, sometimes lying in a cradle and sometimes beingheld in their mother's arms. In Austria, so many people went to photostudios with dead children that a public health threat was declaredand the government prohibited the practice (Boerdam, Martinius, 1980). Very few of these photographs exist today. It is likely that as theywere passed down in subsequent generations, and viewed as being inpoor taste and destroyed. Some researchers even believe that sexphotographs are becoming less taboo (Boerdam, Martinius, 1980).Inany case, family albums are rarely a true and accurate depiction ofthe family. Objectivity always remains questionable. The id ealized nuclear family – Say â€Å"cheese† â€Å"It's only smiles that count in photographs,† states Laurie Taylor inher humorous view of the family photo album. She wonders if the blankstares in a photograph are a testament to the blissful beginning of anaffair, or evidence of its traumatic final days? Photographs offamily members often are constructed with a skewed concept of reality. They usually depict an idealized nuclear family, meaning a husband,wife and children, enjoying pleasurable moments.In her book â€Å"FamilySnaps: The Meanings of Domestic Photography,† Patricia Holland says†The compulsive smiles in the snapshots of today insist on theexclusive claim of the family group to provide satisfying and enduringrelationships, just as the calm dignity of earlier pictures emphasizedthe formality of family ties. † The obsession with depicting thefamily as a united, happy entity is clear. In a study conducted byHalle, no head of the househo ld's divorced spouse appeared in any ofthe pictures, and very few photographs depicted people as unhappy orlonely. The message is loud and clear.Heterosexual marriage andchildren produce a fun and satisfying life. By far, most of thephotos showed the family at leisure, especially on overseas vacations. Formal pictures including those of people in business suits, militaryuniforms or wedding attire did exist, but only accounted for thirtypercent or less of the displayed photographs (Merz, 1988). Likewise,occasions in which a nuclear family would participate are depicted asfun. During the early 1960s, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieupublished a series of photographic essays that he titled Un art moyen.Bourdieu wondered why so many people wanted cameras and why thepractice of photography was so widespread. He believed it was morethan just a natural occurrence. Bourdieu concluded that similaritiesexist within family photographs. In a French market survey heconducted from 1962 to 1963, he concluded that more than two-thirds ofthe amateur photographers he interviewed take their photographs almostexclusively at predictable moments. They photographed particularlyat ceremonies, meetings and holidays (Boerdam, Martinius, 1980). Seldom are the photos a complete and accurate depiction of reality.Family image, not family history is depicted in the photographs thatare displayed. Major events that strongly influence peoples' livesare completely ignored. One of the most obvious situations that ismissing from the family album is work or anything to do with work(Merz, 1988). This is tragic because labor-related relationships andachievements form a substantial part of peoples' lives. Alsoconspicuously missing are photographs of dead children. Death andwork seem to be taboo subjects in most photo albums. Displaying photographs in the homeCelebration rituals such as weddings or Christenings are recorded;divorces and funerals are not (Merz, 1988). Even within theserituals, the emp hasis remains on the family. A study found thatalmost all the photographs displayed in households were of familymembers (Halle, 1991). Very few photos of friends, colleagues andstrangers were present. Friends were seen in wedding photos, but theevent depicts the joyous creation of a nuclear family. The number offamily photographs that are displayed in households is surprising. Inone study, almost all households were found to display photographs(Halle, 1991).As expected, the number of photos in a household wasgreater if the occupant had children or grandchildren. Although thiswasn't surprising, other factors such as gender were found to have aninfluence on decoration of the home. It was unusual that fewerphotographs were found in homes where the head of the household was amale who held an artistic job such as photographer, architect or filmmaker than for women in similar occupations. The discrepancy may haveresulted because women were more interested in the social aspects ofthe photo graph as opposed to the aesthetic aspects (Halle, 1991).Physical groupings also are important. Most family photographs aredisplayed in clusters. In one study, eighty-nine percent of familyphotographs were displayed in groups of four or more (Halle, 1991). Pictures are huddled together even if the people in them are not. People are very seldom presented alone. It is very rare to find aphoto of one person displayed by itself, especially when that personis an adult resident of the house. This occurred in less than onehalf of one percent of the households that were tested (Halle, 1991).Children are often depicted alone, but they are too young to beexpected to maintain meaningful relationships. Those that aremeaningful are subject to transition. Today's high divorce rate castsa shadow over the nuclear family. Thus, the method of displayingphotographs may signify the instability of modern-day relationships. Most pictures are likely to stand free on tables, dressers, mantles orother flat s urfaces as opposed to walls. Only about a third of familyphotographs hang on walls. Photos that are not hung on walls are moreeasily interchanged and regrouped. Social StructureFundamental changes to American society and the family structure maybe hampering the production of ancestral photography (Halle, 1991). The ties that once bound children to their parents are no longerpresent. Nursing homes, social security and pension plans haverelieved the youth from supporting their parents. Older people havebeen moving south to retirement communities, sometimes away from theirfamilies, so they can enjoy the warm weather. The manner in whichchildren relate to their parents has changed over the past fiftyyears, and the changing relationships may be reflected though thedisplay of photographs.Between 42 and 62 percent of households in onestudy displayed pictures of at least one parent. (Halle, 1991). Thenumbers quickly decreased as further generations were explored. Aboutten percent of househo lds displayed a picture of at least onegrandparent, and about three percent displayed a picture of greatgrandparents. Of course, it is possible that the families may haveowned pictures but simply did not display them. Social class appearsto be a factor in the display of photographs. Differences wereobserved between albums produced by middle-class families and familiesof lower income or working classes.People with middle-classlifestyles had higher proportions of photographs of mutual friends andfriends of their children than working-class families (Gardner, 1991). Presumably due to increased social ties associated with more socialprominence. Working-class family albums included more pictures of thehusband's friends than the wife's. Segregated friendship patterns arecommonly found among working-class couples where the male is in chargeof the household (Gardner, 1991). Working-class families' albums wereless kin oriented, but they see each other more often causinginteraction to become more routine.As an event becomes common, it isless likely to be photographed. In addition to social classdifferences, cultural differences may be a factor in the display ofphotographs. Only one in 105 households that were included in asample displayed a school photograph of a child together withclassmates (Halle, 1991). The home was occupied by a Japanese couple. Japanese society tends to be more collective than American society. Role Behavior An examination of photo albums was made to determine if differencesoccurred in the portrayal of people as they assumed the role ofparents (Titus, 1976).Repetitive patterns in the parenting role canbe observed through photographs including feeding, holding the childand interactions with relatives. Albums were examined to determine ifthe photographs of parents after they had their first child weredifferent than those after they had subsequent children. It wasassumed that parents would become accustomed to many of the rolechanges, and the subsequ ent photographs would reflect these changes. Photographs of mothers caring for their first child were far moreprevalent than with subsequent children (Titus, 1976).The same wastrue of fathers. The number of solo portraits also decreased afterthe first child although this may not constitute a difference inaffection toward the first born, but simply an accustomization to newroles (Titus, 1976). Both the parents and the newborn child mustlearn new behavior. Parents may not have to re-learn their behaviorwith subsequent children. Even though one spouse may be more inclinedto take photographs, both spouses were significantly represented inparenting photographs (Titus, 1976).However, most photographs werepredominately of pleasant tasks such as holding and feeding. While itmay have been necessary to hold children in order to present them tothe camera, this wouldn't have been the case when feeding. Picturesof parents feeding children were far more likely to occur with thefirst child. Very f ew photos of unpleasant tasks such as diaperingand bathing were included in the albums. Therapeutic uses of family photographs Photographs can prove to be an invaluable source of information whenresolving personal problems.Photographs are not subject to memoryrecollection, and a person's portrayal of events can be quitedifferent from what appears in the photographs (Kaslow, 1979). Theinformation is intimate because family photographs are collected fromthe inside compared with journalistic institutions, which usuallyoperate as outsiders (Titus, 1976). Photo albums and home moviesprovide the richest sources of memories about the family (Entin,1979). They offer an intimate look at personal relationships. Psychologists recently have begun using this display of intimacy tohelp resolve family conflicts.Photographs have the power to conjureup memories, sometimes painful, of bygone years. However, the reasonthat many people take photographs is to preserve happy memories. Whena relationship sours, the photographs that intentionally focus onhappy moments merely exacerbate the situation. It becomes painful toview all the â€Å"good times† without reference to the bad. Familyphotographs now are being used as a means of therapy to discuss thesechanges in lifestyles. The technique, often referred to asphototherapy, is effective because people from all socioeconomicgroups possess photos that can be discussed.A review of familyphotographs can often prompt people to talk about family stories,goals, events and history. Not only does phototherapy help peopledeal with issues of the past, but it also helps renew relationships inthe present (Entin, 1979). The mere presentation of photographs canreveal much about the organization, chaos or fragmentation of aperson's life. If people's photo albums are disorganized andpartially complete, so too may be the case with their lives. Bygathering significant photos, patients often realize that pieces oftheir scrapbook are missing, pro mpting long overdue visits home.Sometherapists are using family photo reconnaissance as a means of dealingwith sexual problems (Kaslow, 1979). Desires toward spouses can beinhibited if deaths of parents, children or loved ones are not fullymourned. Kaslow has found that couples with sexual problems oftenhave a resurgence in desire after reviewing their wedding album. Problems such as female frigidity are sometimes traced back to earlyphotographs of women patients. Many times they appear â€Å"sparklingclean, perfectly groomed and standing prim and proper† (Kaslow, 1979).The way people feel about their bodies can be witnessed inphotographs. Baggy clothes could indicate a puritanical attitude orshame of the body leading to frigidity, impotence or infrequent sexualdesire (Kaslow, 1979). Body positioning such as slumping may indicatedepression just as an upright position could indicate confidence. Thesize and prominence of family members' portraits can indicateattitudes, such as favoritism, toward those portrayed (Entin, 1979). Presentation in inappropriate locations such as the bedroom may evencause sexual inhibition.The storytelling nature of albums allowpsychologists to study patterns of photography to determine if changesin attitudes may be occurring. If a second child is photographedsignificantly more than the firstborn, psychologists may question thefamilies' expectations concerning sex or attractiveness of the firstborn and whether problems such as illegitimacy, handicap ordisfigurement may play a role (Entin, 1979). In her book â€Å"WaucomaTwilight: Generations of the Farm,† Dona Schwartz describes the mannerin which her photographs provided a context during her interviews.The photographs showed details of everyday life and the context inwhich events occurred in the community. The insight gained throughher own fieldwork and subjects' responses to pictures was morevaluable than the actual content of the photographs (Schwartz, 1992). She compa red her interview process with Christopher Musello'sdescription of â€Å"family viewing contexts. † Musello believes familydiscussion of photographs establishes a â€Å"verbal context delineatingwhat should be attended to and what significances are located in theimage,† (Musello, 1980).Conclusions By viewing family photographs, much can be discovered about familystructures, relationships, and the self. Family photographs primarilyserve to remind people of good times with loved ones. This isapparent as the image of the nuclear family is constantly repeated inthe photo albums of most families. Much research remains to be done inthe study of family photographs. Even though American society isobsessed with presenting the image of a happy nuclear family, moreresearch should be conducted on the portrayal of alternativelifestyles.Gay and lesbian couples, alternative families and singleparents need to have their family photographs analyzed to determine ifdiffering lifestyles s ignificantly affect photo content. Also, photocontent produced during transitions in relationships such as divorces,separations and sibling rivalries needs to be studied. Additionally,content analysis of both American and foreign albums needs to beconducted to determine the degree to which cultural differences affectcontent. And finally, additional studies on the factors that affectediting decisions need to be conducted.The literature review producedmuch information on the benefits of photographic analysis topsychologists. However, there was little information on the manner inwhich other professionals, such as journalists, could use theinterpretive meaning of photographs. Historical documents, such asfamily photographs, can provide essential background information aswell as indicate important people and relationships within a story. Through my research component, I intend to discover the manner inwhich journalists use historical documents to provide story context. Because online new spapers ave the capability to provide greatercontext due to the potential inclusion of sound and video, I also planto investigate the way emerging technologies might affect presentationof contextual information. [pic] References Boerdam, Jaap and Warna Oosterbaan Martinius. 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Schwartz, Dona. (1992). â€Å"Waucoma Twilight: Generations of the Farm,† Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Taylor, Laurie. (August, 1993). â€Å"Camera Obscura,† New Statesman & Society, v6:p. 21. Titus, Sandra L. (August, 1976). â€Å"Family Photographs and Transition to Parenthood,† Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38: 525-530. Trend, David. (Feb, 1992). â€Å"Look who's talking: Narratives of Family Representations,† Afterimage, v19, n7, p. 8.